11/4/2023 0 Comments Mushroom spore microscope![]() The gills may or may not be attached to the stem. The spacing between the gills may differ depending upon the mushroom’s species. These are the structures housing spores.Īs the spores mature, the colour of the gills changes. Gills appear as the vertical plates arranged radially underside the cap. It is a technical term that indicates the gills of mushrooms. The surface texture can be fuzzy, warty, slimy, or smooth. Colour and shape of the cap change when it ages. It usually resembles a headdress that covers or protects the gills. Pileus is a technical term that indicates the cap. Cap of mushrooms could be of various shapes and colours. The annulus is a membrane that covers the gills of the immature mushroom. The annulus is the membrane encircling the stipe and present under the cap. This structure is common in the mushrooms of the phylum basidiomycota. This membrane ruptures as the mushroom’s stipe grow. The volva is a membrane temporarily enclosing the immature mushroom or primordium. The volva is at the base of the mushroom’s stipe. The colour, interior flesh and surface texture of the stipe differ. You can easily pull apart the cap and the stem. Sterile hyphal tissues line up the stipe. Stipe is the technical term to indicate the stem of a mushroom. It is the stalk of a mushroom, supporting the mushroom’s cap. What are the parts of mushrooms? If you ask someone to describe a mushroom, you will hear the same thing we discuss here. Numerous pores occupy the space between the gills that hold spores. When you look underside the opened cap, you may see a series of closely spaced slits called gills. What do mushrooms look like? Looking at the mushroom, you will notice a short stalk or stem with a disc-shaped cap. Let’s talk about the structural characteristics of mushrooms. This post will give explicit information about the general characteristics of mushrooms, like appearance, growth, nutrition, types and so forth. But, most edible mushrooms belong to two major classes, basidiomycetes and ascomycetes.
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11/4/2023 0 Comments Gongura pandu mirchi pachadi![]() To reflect the policies of the shipping companies we use, all weights will be rounded up to the next full pound. Home made Andhra Pickle used Cold pressed groundnut Oil. Best Cold Pressed Oil Extraction Center In Hyderabad & Natural Products Supplier. Description Additional information Reviews (0) Shipping & Delivery Description. Best Cold pressed oils extraction centre in Kompally, Hyderabad. ![]() The weight of any such item can be found on its detail page. Padmavathi Foods is gives a fresh made pickles like pandu mirchi pickle in hyderabad, madhapur, KPHB, kukatpally, jeedmetla, ameerpet, secunderabad. Please also note that the shipping rates for many items we sell are weight-based. Clean, wash and pat dry coriander leaves, chop them and keep aside, wash red chillies and cut into middle. Andhra Gongura Pachadi or this Andhra style chutney made of sorrel leaves or gongura leaves an authentic delicacy typical to Telugu cuisine. Depending on the shipping provider you choose, shipping date estimates may appear on the shipping quotes page. 1/2 sp Mustard Seeds 1/4 sp Methi Seeds 1/2 sp Chana Dal 1 pinch Hing 2 sp Oil Instructions. When you place an order, we will estimate shipping and delivery dates for you based on the availability of your items and the shipping options you choose. Our gongura lal mirch achar has wholesome ingredients from our kitchen like tamarind, which is a rich source of magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, and iron. Add mustard seeds and cut dried red chillies. It can be served with idly, dosa, uttapam of our. This is prepared by Telugu people especially. The Red Chilli Pickle is very popular in India. Add tamarind pulp and pulse it a few times until it mixed well. Order Online Red Chilli Pickle (Pandu mirchi Pachadi) in MartMines and receive Delicious Home Made Red Chilli Pickle at your Door Step. Note that there are restrictions on some products, and some products cannot be shipped to international destinations. In a mixer jar add washed and dried fresh red chillies along with turmeric powder and salt. We can ship to virtually any address in the world. We'll notify you via e-mail of your refund once we've received and processed the returned item. If you need to return an item, simply login to your account, view the order using the "Complete Orders" link under the My Account menu and click the Return Item(s) button. ![]() This time period includes the transit time for us to receive your return from the shipper (5 to 10 business days), the time it takes us to process your return once we receive it (3 to 5 business days), and the time it takes your bank to process our refund request (5 to 10 business days). You should expect to receive your refund within four weeks of giving your package to the return shipper, however, in many cases you will receive a refund more quickly. Add the fresh red chillies and fry them on medium heat for 2 minutes. Heat a little oil in a heavy bottomed pan. As the cumin and mustard seeds splutter, add asafoetida. In the pan, heat 1 teaspoon of oil and add mustard seeds, cumin seeds, dried red chilli cut into smaller pieces. To begin making the Andhra Ripe Red Chilli Chutney Recipe/ Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi, remove the stalks of the chillies and thoroughly wash and pat dry them. Remove it onto a bowl and add fresh squeezed lemon juice. Pandu Mirchi Gongura Pickle is most loved and famous in the states of Andhra and Telangana. This leafy vegetable is widely consumed in various parts of our country. We'll also pay the return shipping costs if the return is a result of our error (you received an incorrect or defective item, etc.). How to make Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi - Andhra Red Chilli Chutney Recipe. Apart from Chilly, Guntur is synonymous with another food item, one that’s an inseparable part of Andhra cuisine the Gongura. ![]() Serve Andhra Ripe Red Chilli Chutney/ Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi along with Ghee Roast Dosa and Keerai Sambar for a weekday breakfast.You may return most new, unopened items within 30 days of delivery for a full refund. Add mustard seeds and once it crackles add asafoetida.Īfter 10 seconds, add in the red chilli tamarind paste and let it cook for about a minute. Turn off the flame, allow the Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi to cool and store it in an airtight container in the refrigerator. Keep scraping the sides of the Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi and do not add much water while grinding. Hyderabad: Pickle holds a special place across the Indian Subcontinent. Once the chillies come to room temperature, grind the chillies with tamarind paste into smooth texture or as per your required consistency. Drizzle some Gongura pandu mirchi pachadi over leftover rice for quick snack. To begin making the Andhra Ripe Red Chilli Chutney Recipe/ Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi, remove the stalks of the chillies and thoroughly wash and pat dry them. How to make Pandu Mirapakaya Pachadi - Andhra Red Chilli Chutney Recipe ![]() You can connect up to four wired devices and provide Wi-Fi. Now a gateway is a combination of both, or a “ modem router combo“, and is more convenient. Routers broadcast the internet signal over the air as radio waves so other devices can pick it up without plugging directly into the modem/router. If you need more power and have many devices to connect to, you’d generally want to couple it with a router. A Closer Look at Modems and GatewaysĪ modem acts as a bridge between your computer and the ISP. However, this comes at the cost of customer service. That’s when I decided to write this comprehensive article as the one-stop shop for everything you need to know about Xfinity Gateway vs Own Modem.įor faster internet, more power, and economic feasibility, it is better to buy your own modem. I saved a ton of money on this.įor the first time, I had a device that could process the full internet speed that I’m paying for, and I could keep the modem when I changed ISPs, as I pleased.īut before I made the decision, I had to put in a lot of hours of research to ensure that I knew what I was getting myself into. ![]() One day, I worked out the math and realized it might be more economical to use my own modem in the long term. It’s usually hassle-free, except for when my xFi Gateway went offline.īut if there are any issues with the connectivity, I can just call Xfinity Technical Support, and they fix it for me. When it comes to my internet connection, I’ve usually settled for the gateway provided by Xfinity, my ISP, without giving it a second thought. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. When you buy through links on my blog, I may earn an affiliate commission. 11/4/2023 0 Comments List of 6th grade sight words![]() How To Teach Sight Words: Susan Jones Teaching on YouTube.Comprehensive Phonics, Spelling, and Word Study Guide by Fountas & Pinnell.If you’d like to learn more, check out these resources: Teachers, parents, and other educators have come up with dozens of ingenious ways to teach sight words! Find a huge list of our favorite sight word activities here. ![]() Learn more about sight words and the science of reading here. Most students are likely to benefit from a mix of methods when it comes to learning these important words. For instance, literacy specialist Susan Jones recommends a method called phoneme-grapheme mapping, where students first map out the sounds they hear in a word and then add graphemes (letters) they hear for each sound. These words are generally taught by memorization, but some experts feel this isn’t the only option. In other words, learners use sight words along with phonics skills to recognize words as they read. One popular science of reading model, Scarborough’s Rope, includes sight recognition as one of its Word Recognition strands, along with decoding and phonological awareness. The science of reading is a theory of research-backed methods to teach literacy. How do sight words fit into the science of reading? The Fry words include 90% of the words found in a typical book, newspaper, or website.įind the Fry Words List here. The Fry list contains the most common 1,000 words in the English language. Edward Fry developed an expanded word list for grades 1–10 in the 1950s (updated in 1980), based on the most common words that appear in reading materials used in grades 3–9. The Dolch word list comprises 80% of the words you would find in a typical children’s book and 50% of the words found in writing for adults.ĭr. The list has 200 “service words” and also 95 high-frequency nouns. Edward Dolch developed his word list, used for pre-K through third grade, by studying the most frequently occurring words in the children’s books of that era. Dolch Wordsĭuring the 1930s and 1940s, Dr. Dolch’s list is shorter, while Fry’s is more comprehensive. Two of the most popular sources are Dolch Words and the Fry List. What are the most common sight word lists? Learn more about the difference between high-frequency words and sight words. Common examples are “school” or “kind.” These words might not be among the most frequently used, but students will encounter them often enough to make it worth being able to read them on sight. However, they can include other words as well, ones that don’t follow standard spelling and pronunciation rules. ![]() Sight word lists usually include many high-frequency words. They include words like “the,” “said,” and “or.” Fun fact: 50% of all written material is made up of the 100 most frequently used words, and the top 10 words account for 25% overall! High-frequency words are those most commonly found in written language. We often use these terms interchangeably, but technically there’s a difference. What’s the difference between sight words and high-frequency words? Examples include “come,” “because,” or “laugh.”ĭiscover much more about sight words here. English is a tricky language, with a lot of words that just don’t fit the usual pronunciation rules. ![]() These are words like “and,” “be,” and “go.” Kids can sound these out pretty easily, but since they appear so often, kids usually find it simpler to memorize them. Some sight words are decodable, meaning they follow the standard rules of spelling or the six types of syllables. The goal is for students to be able to recognize these words within three seconds. The general belief is that being able to recognize these words on sight, rather than needing to stop and sound them out, will speed up emergent readers’ progress. In educational settings, sight words are those that appear frequently in everyday writing. This is a slow and painstaking process at first, but it speeds up over time. They do this by using phonics techniques: sounding out letters, blends, and syllables. In their early days, though, readers must decode each word they encounter. Over time, proficient readers recognize nearly all words on sight. But what are sight words, and why are they important? Find out more here. When kids begin learning to read, they’ll likely encounter something known as “sight words.” These are a big part of the early elementary years for most students. 11/4/2023 0 Comments Kami app logoWhen interacting with a PDF format type of file, sometimes you’ll find that the creator of the document created a fillable form with text fields in order to complete a registration form for example. While this ability to add videos and images is a paid feature, there is a wide variety of free tools as well. You can easily add interactive elements such as videos from YouTube or cloud storage such as Google Drive or OneDrive. For example, a word processing file or slideshow can be imported into Kami, converted to a PDF file, and from there, the magic can begin. ![]() You can import several different file types into Kami, and Kami will convert them to a PDF file. With Kami, you can embed videos, images (such as JPGs or GIFs), and many other elements into your PDF files. ![]() With simple-to-use tools that offer great functionality, Kami provides you with the ability to completely customize PDF docs and turn them into engaging learning platforms. However, it goes beyond what some of the other free tools provide, creating options for Interactive PDF file creation. Kami is a tool that provides opportunities for you to interact and work with PDF files. In 2013, Kami was developed by a small group of innovative uni students who wanted to make a difference. Introducing your classroom sidekick, Kami You may have thought to yourself, “the ability to edit PDF files or create fillable forms should be as available as the free Google Doc tool that’s used in many workspaces.” However, products such as Adobe Indesign seemed to hold the key to this type of file creation, and often, those types of tools were too complex and simply cost-prohibitive to educators and the everyday person. You may have noticed that some PDF files even housed checkboxes, radio buttons, toolbars, fillable text boxes, pop-ups, as well as other interactive content.Īs this evolution of the PDF file occurred, naturally people wondered about this rich media and how to create fillable forms. All of a sudden, we discovered that PDF forms found online became more dynamic as they included hyperlinks to other websites, animations, and other interactive elements. PDF reader applications became available for our smartphones such as Android and iPhones. The portable document format of a PDF file rapidly became a mechanism to share information and documents via a web page. The functionality of the PDF document seemed somewhat limited because, without sophisticated and expensive software such as Adobe Acrobat, these documents were flat and did not offer any interactive features.Īs time progressed, PDF documents evolved. ![]() Synonymous with frustration, many people, educators especially, struggled with files that were in the PDF document format. Over the years, PDF files have become known as files that are not editable. If this PDF was assigned to you through Google Classroom, you can now turn in the assignment.Have you ever tried to customize a PDF file? Did you find yourself frustrated and overwhelmed? If so, you are not alone. Click the Save button at the top of the window, which looks like a floppy disk, and then click the Save Now button. When you are finished editing the PDF, you can save it in your Google Drive. The Text Box Tool and the Equation Tool.The Kami Help Center has instructions for using Kami: You can now use the toolbar on the left to make changes and fill out the PDF. Or you will see a blue K button to the right of the PDF:Ĭlick either of these buttons to open the PDF in the Kami application. When you open a PDF from your teacher, you should see a blue Open with Kami button at the top of the preview: ![]() A chromebook or other laptop is highly recommended. It will work in the iPad browser, but not very well. Note : Kami is not available as an app for the iPad.
11/4/2023 0 Comments Secrets costa rica![]() Fitness trainers wear masks and sanitize all equipment immediately after use. Additional sanitizing and cleaning schedules are in place to provide deep cleaning for machines. Disinfectants are used to sanitize the area during regularly scheduled cleaning times throughout the day. This includes items like ping-pong equipment and tables, basketballs, volleyballs, tennis rackets, and non-motorized water sports equipment. Sanitation of sports equipment occurs between use and prior to use by any guest. Beach and pool loungers are placed with proper distance between them, and waiters, pool and beach butlers offer sanitizing gel to guests prior to handling beverages. Sanitizing gel is available throughout the resort in all common areas, including outside elevators, and staff circulate throughout these areas offering sanitizing gel to guests. Frequent cleaning with disinfectants takes place in high touch areas like staircases and elevators. Restrooms are sanitized and disinfected before and after operating hours and stocked with hand sanitizing gel. SANITATION THROUGHOUT THE RESORT Increased sanitation activity is in place for all areas with high human contact throughout operating hours, including public areas that receive hourly thorough cleaning and disinfecting throughout the day. To provide additional sanitation, the television remote control, in-room tablet, amenities kit, and extra blankets and pillows are all pre-sanitized and presented in vacuum-sealed packaging. An overview with details of all cleansing and sanitizing processes in guest rooms, front of house areas and back of house areas is provided in printouts, on in-room tablets and on the resort TV channel, which also include video of sanitizing protocols and hygiene tips. Additionally, all rooms include a pocket size gel sanitizer as part of the amenities package. ![]() ROOM CLEANING PROCEDURES Each guest will find a door hanger with the Cristal International Standards® RoomCheck badge on the door handle when arriving at their room, indicating that the room was cleaned following the Cristal International Standards® room cleaning process. At check-in, the receptionist cleans the desk area with a sanitizing formula between guests and prior to each check-in process and applies hand-sanitation gel. All luggage carts are also disinfected prior to and between uses. Guide guests who present symptoms upon arrival to an isolation area in which they may consult with the resort’s on-site physician. Allow guests to complete a health declaration form, confirming virus-free wellbeing. Review guest travel records for the past 14 days to avoid travel from hot spots. Additionally, lobby-area Hygiene Check-In Stations are established to: Check guest temperature with a thermal scanner or pistol thermometer, both for those checking in and those returning from off-site activity. Our protocols begin the moment you start planning a vacation to the time you return home! CHECK IN At the lobby entrance, all arrivals are offered alcohol-based hand sanitizer and, within the lobby area, cleaning with high-grade disinfectants occurs every hour. We will be evolving and innovating our procedures continuously and will share the newest developments as they are implemented. Our 360-degree quality, safety and hygiene system takes into account every aspect of resort operations, backed by the highest-level third-party certification. While health and safety have always been our top priorities, these new protocols further elevate our standards of quality and cleanliness, enabling you to vacation at any AMResorts® property with the ultimate peace of mind. Please excuse any formatting issues.Īs we prepare to welcome you back to our beautiful beachfront resorts, we’re committed to redefining your travel journey with our best-in-class CleanComplete Verification™ practices. ![]() This information is automatically shown here when we receive it. 11/4/2023 0 Comments Grid system in designThis layout grid works as a foundation for magazines, newspapers, ebooks, and all text-based designs, once set on the first page the other pages follow the same layout. When in a text document, it helps separate the header, the footer, and space on the margins to create a rectangle inside the page. This grid layout design is used for a word document or a presentation template that is at times invisible. Therefore, it is always important to look for a balance while using an asymmetric layout. On the other hand, in an asymmetric layout, the margins and columns can be different from each other. Symmetric grids follow a centerline that has vertical and horizontal margins equal to each other. There are two ways to design layout grids: symmetric or asymmetric. More complex editors show the distance between the elements proportionately. Many layout editors both online or offline have tools called a “snap to grid.” They have blue or red lines that are visible when elements are moved in a design that helps designers know of the edges lining up to the grid or if they are centered. These grids help the designers position images and texts that look easy to follow and coherent. For instants: even word documents have grids just that aren’t always visible. They help organize elements within a space. The layout grids are used across projects that have one page of content or hundreds. Markers – They are the areas that run inside the header or the footer marking a place of repeating information from page to page. Gutters – Gutters are spaces found between the rows and the columns, equal between columns or rows, maintaining a visual balance. Rows – Rows are horizontal zones from the left to the right margin. They can be organized proportionally or by creating overlapping zones.Ĭolumns – They are vertical spatial zones from the top to the bottom margin. Spatial Zones or Regions – These zones are created by the adjacent modules in a vertical and horizontal area where the vertical region holds blocks of text and the horizontal holds videos. Its vertical groups together create columns and horizontally create rows. Modules – They are the spaces created between the flowlines and vertical lines called building blocks. ![]() Flowlines are also called hang lines or baselines. It helps the reader follow the content in the grid layout and also creates stopping points, or edges to be placed on. The size of the margins gives the layout design its general shape, usually a rectangle.įlowlines – They are horizontal lines separating the sections into parallel bands. Margin – They are the empty spaces between the edges of the content and the format. The Format – It is a full area where a design is laid out be it in print or page. It depends on the sort of grid layout used. Grid layouts are made up of several parts and every part is not presented in each grid. Listed below are the different kinds of layout grids that exist starting from anatomy grids for better understanding. ![]() Grid layouts are the important components of a layout that work as a backbone, infographics, and presentation. 11/3/2023 0 Comments Edifact invoiceIf multiple prices of different types are provided, then the price of type AAF will be used first, then the price of type AAA, then type AAB last. ![]() If not provided, the price from the order item is used.ĪAA (Net Price), AAB (Gross Price), and AAF (Information Price) are the only three types supported. This an optional but recommended element. ![]() The quantity must be equal to the quantity of not invoiced copies on the order item.Ĥ7 (invoice quantity) is the only type supported. It is entered as a non-bibliographic debit line item. The description of the item is determined by the special service code. If a charge, it is entered as a non-bibliographic debit line item. If an allowance, it is entered as a non-bibliographic credit line item with a negative amount. It must be a monetary amount and must occur in the EDIFACT Header, rather than the Summary. Invoice-level Discounts, Service Charges, and Shipping If not provided, the system will use the default currency of the Vendor.Ģ (reference currency) is the only type supported. If provided, it must match an ISO 4217 three-alpha code. If this field is not present today’s date will be used for the Invoice Date.ġ37 (message date) is the only type supported.Ĭurrency is an optional but recommended element. ![]() It is used along with the Invoice Number to match to an existing invoice, or if no invoice is found, create a new invoice. This is an optional but recommended element. This is a required element and is used along with the Invoice Date to match to an existing invoice, or if no invoice is found, create a new invoice.ģ80 (invoice) and 38A (invoice for plans) are the only supported invoice types.ĩ (original) and 43 (copy) are the only invoice functions supported. EDIFACT invoice data - Table Element in Acquisitions Note: Although the first column lists the WorldShare Acquisitions fields, the fields are listed in the order they occur in the EDIFACT file. The following information should be included in the invoice data file you receive from your vendor. Kill world bosses, instance bosses, the evil dragons that show up for limited amounts of time, or any of the many other bosses to earn handsome rewards and send your BR soaring. The Path of the Vanquisher is paved with amazing equipment, and hunting bosses is the main way of getting equipment and crafting materials in Era of Celestials. Enter the game and go to Bonus > Other Rewards 4. So now there's no excuse not to look your best, even on the battlefield.įrom the 1v1 real-time combat of Showdown to the multiplayer brawls of the Sanguine Contest and Lava Expedition, Era of Celestials is filled with action-packed combat and generous spoils for the victors. Only for PC players to redeem on GTarcade Desktop How to redeem the code 1. In the heat of battle, they will always be right by your side! Different sprites provide different forms of assistance, and you may switch between them at will, opening up a wealth of strategies to help you overcome any situation.Įra of Celestials contains a bewildering array of spectacular costumes, complete with awesome glow effects. In Era of Celestials, sprites are your most loyal protectors. Celestials with different capabilities are waiting to be unsealed in your journey, harness the power of Celestials and use them wisely to face different dilemmas! If any of the codes have expired or not working, please leave us a comment below. Game RPG Era of Celestials ini mempunyai alur yang unik di mana Anda akan bertarung dan melakukan transformasi. Dalam game ini Anda akan menjadi Elysian yang akan menumpas musuh yang menyerang kerajaan. Redeem them before they expire to get the corresponding rewards. Era of Celestials merupakan game RPG yang rilis tahun 2018 dengan tema yang unik. With the unique Celestial Transformation system, courageous heroes can transform into invincible Celestials and mow down murderous enemies. Here are the current latest working redeem codes for Era of Celestials. ![]() Smooth control, smart blow feedback, realistic sounds, and stunning visuals with splendid special animation effects and detailed 3D graphics integrated to bring an ultimate game experience. Hello & welcome back in new video.In this video I will share 3 new redeem codes for Era of Celestials working 100.Redeem Process.1: In game, Tap on the bonu. Answer the call and embark on the Path of Vanquisher! Fight for the glory! The Celestials looked to their greatest champions. Catch powerful opponents and earn incredible rewards in this thrilling and exciting game filled with breathtaking battles.The enemy army have marched all the way to the gate of the last bastion. player battles and show the reason why, when the siege closed, you were the first to be called. Answer the call and embark on the Path of Vanquisher Fight for the glory Smooth control, smart blow feedback, realistic sounds, and stunning visuals with splendid special animation effects and detailed 3D graphics. TryGTarcadeDesktop Only for PC players to redeem on GTarcade Desktop How to redeem the code 1. Gather around with other comrades as powerful as you, and build a true dream team for justice and the integrity of all. The enemy army have marched all the way to the gate of the last bastion. Era of celestials code Last Updated On DecemThe Era of Celestial Codes - Free to Play Roll Mobile Games by GTarcade - Updated list with all valid code that you can redeem, and rewards you'll meet with them Era Astronomical Code - Full List These are all working gift codes, redeem them and enjoy tons of rewards valid codes are all working gift codes. Transform yourself into an Elysian and annihilate the most bloodthirsty enemies, as there is no other option between killing or be killed. ![]() Be the bravest of heroes and take on the responsibility of restoring order and security in the kingdom. With relatively equal pumping and approximately equal equipment, no significant differences in the damage defect were found. And of course, you are amongst them! Respond to the call and embark on this electrifying battle for glory and honor with simple easy-to-play controls, extremely realistic sound effects, and splendid visuals, worthy of the great battle to come. Era of celestials redeem bundle code 2018 android Talking about all the characteristics is meaningless, since in the vast majority of the games currently available they are absolutely the same. In an act of desperation and fear, the Celestials called for help and recruited their greatest champions. It was a long march, but the enemy army has finally reached the gates of the empire of the last bastion. ![]() ![]() ![]() Here we show that diamide L acts as a highly selective reagent for the precipitation of gold from a variety of aqueous acidic solutions and, by tuning the HCl concentration, allows other valuable and critical metals to be separated by precipitation. A resulting selective precipitation could both eradicate the use of potentially hazardous organic solvents in SX separations and simplify a hydrometallurgical separation process. 1a) would readily assemble into a proton-chelated structure suitable for metalate recognition along with a potential to form insoluble, infinitely extended structures. The observation of proton-linked amides by us and others in gold separations suggested that the simple diamide (L) (Fig. In some cases, mixed-metal third phases formed, along with a tin-containing precipitate 35. Protonation of the monoamides formed intermolecular proton-chelated receptor cations in the organic phase that dynamically assembled with AuCl 4 − into supramolecular clusters. We reported that simple monoamides showed high selectivity in the separation of gold by solvent extraction (SX) from acidic solutions of metals representative of e-waste 34, 35. Extended supramolecular network structures were also formed upon selective precipitation of HAuCl 4 from acidic solutions comprising Au, Ni, Cu, Zn, alkali-, and alkaline-earth metals by the biomolecule niacin, a pyridine carboxylic acid 33. Supramolecular interactions between acyclic durene diamides and HAuCl 4 resulted in gold precipitation as extended networks, although in these cases no selectivity for gold over other metals was explored 32. This rationale has also been extended to the separation by precipitation of platinum from palladium and rhodium in which the cucurbituril displays a preference for the hexachloroplatinate(IV) dianion 31. Molecular recognition processes involving cyclodextrins 26, 27 and cucurbiturils ( n = 5–8) 28, 29, 30 use the curvature and donor-group decoration of these capsular guest molecules to host selectively both alkali-metal cations and AuCl 4 − within superstructures that ultimately precipitate gold from aqueous acidic solutions. Pre-formed porous network materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), polymers, and electroactive materials are selective for gold adsorption, and often exploit the accessible reduction potential of gold to deposit the metal within the porous cavities 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25. Selective and reusable precipitation and adsorption methods are becoming increasingly popular for gold and other metal separations as they provide significant advantages over traditional, single-use precipitants 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. Recycling these latter materials would also provide impetus to global circular economy visions 11, 12, but their complexity requires highly selective and environmentally benign recycling technologies 13, 14. Alternatives to the current industrial practice of cyanidation 5, 6 and informal mercury alloying 7, 8 that are based upon selective extraction, precipitation, or adsorption of gold from leach solutions are being actively pursued 9, with the recycling of electronic waste (e-waste) the focus of much attention as it presents a significantly higher concentration of gold than its ores 10. The extraction of gold from its ores and its recycling from waste materials represent significant technological and environmental challenges 1, 2, 3, 4. This discovery could be exploited in metal refining and recycling processes due to its tuneable selectivity under different leaching conditions, the avoidance of organic solvents inherent to biphasic extraction, and the straightforward recycling of the precipitant. At 6 M HCl, complete collection of gold, iron, tin, and platinum occurs, demonstrating that adaptable selective metal precipitation is controlled by just one variable. The diamide is highly selective, with its addition to 29 metals in 2 M HCl resulting in 70% gold uptake and minimal removal of other metals. Gold is released from the precipitate on contact with water, enabling ligand recycling. The X-ray crystal structure of the precipitate displays an infinite chain of diamide cations interleaved with tetrachloridoaurate. Here we show that a simple tertiary diamide precipitates gold selectively from aqueous acidic solutions, including from aqua regia solutions of electronic waste. Precipitation processes are increasingly popular and are reliant on designing and understanding chemical recognition to achieve selectivity. The efficient separation of metals from ores and secondary sources such as electronic waste is necessary to realising circularity in metal supply. |
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